ruminations surrounding Jesus’ divine sonship and messianic kingship. Now that Jesus has been filled with the Holy Spirit and commissioned as Israel’s Messiah (3:21–22), he must demonstrate his unwavering fidelity to his Father’s purposes, to make good on his claim that he must be about his Father’s business (2:49). The setting of the first test/temptation is replete with allusions to the exodus. First, Jesus is the Son of God, but so is Israel in a metaphorical sense (Exod 4:22–23; Hos 11:1). The
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